La existencia de sentimientos de pertenencia y compromiso, evidenciados como mensajes comunicación directa o síncrona, fueron fundamento de relaciones entre docentes y estudiantes en una situación difícil por pandemia; para el entorno de la enseñanza, los estudiantes sintieron la responsabilidad y sobrecarga académica, con poco tiempo de resolución de deberes, altos niveles de esfuerzo y esmero por buenas calificaciones, que fueron afectados por las distracciones generadas por las redes sociales, chats y videojuegos. Los estudiantes del estudio autoevaluaron consecuencias y las (...) soluciones a problemas de emoción por estrés académico, con aspectos positivos al cumplir con un plan de acción y organización y capacidad de comunicación por grupos. Los actores académicos no deben olvidar que se afectaron emociones y actitudes, la planificación para formas de comunicación de actividades y deberes, así como el autocontrol permitieron soluciones. (shrink)

La existencia de sentimientos de pertenencia y compromiso, evidenciados como mensajes comunicación directa o síncrona, fueron fundamento de relaciones entre docentes y estudiantes en una situación difícil por pandemia; para el entorno de la enseñanza, los estudiantes sintieron la responsabilidad y sobrecarga académica, con poco tiempo de resolución de deberes, altos niveles de esfuerzo y esmero por buenas calificaciones, que fueron afectados por las distracciones generadas por las redes sociales, chats y videojuegos. Los estudiantes del estudio autoevaluaron consecuencias y las (...) soluciones a problemas de emoción por estrés académico, con aspectos positivos al cumplir con un plan de acción y organización y capacidad de comunicación por grupos. Los actores académicos no deben olvidar que se afectaron emociones y actitudes, la planificación para formas de comunicación de actividades y deberes, así como el autocontrol permitieron soluciones. (shrink)

This research investigated the metacognitive underpinnings of moral judgment. Participants in two studies were asked to provide quick intuitive responses to moral dilemmas and to indicate their fee...

Robert Rosen’s relational biology and biosemiotics share the claim that life cannot be explained by the laws that apply to the inanimate world alone. In this paper, an integrated account of Rosen’s relational biology and Peirce’s semiosis is proposed. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the construction of a unified framework for the definition and study of life. The relational concepts of component and mapping, and the semiotic concepts of sign and triadic relation are discussed and compared, and a (...) representation of semiotic relations with mappings is proposed. The role of the final cause in two theories that account for what differentiates living beings, natural selection and relational biology, is analyzed. Then the presence of the final cause in Peirce’s semiosis is discussed and, with it, the similarities and differences between the theories of Rosen and Peirce are deepened. Then, a definition of a semiotic relation in an organism is proposed, and Short’s definition of interpretation is applied. Finally, a method to identify and analyze semiotic actions in an organism is proposed. (shrink)

In a previous paper, an integrated account of Rosen’s relational biology and Peirce’s semiosis has been proposed. Both theories have been compared and basic concepts have been posited for the definition of a unified framework for the study of biology, as well as a method for the identification and analysis of the presence of signs in an organism. The analysis of the existence of semiotic actions in an organism must, without a doubt, begin by considering each of the rules that (...) constitute the genetic code as a candidate for a semiotic relation. Transcription and translation, which constitute protein synthesis, are the basis of the specificity that the organism needs to maintain itself in its environment and reproduce, and the precondition of the existence of any other possible semiosis. Applying the concepts and method of the aforementioned work, this paper analyzes which of the biological processes involved in protein synthesis correspond to semiotic actions and the type of the signs identified, according to Peirce’s classification of icons, indices and symbols. The results of this work demonstrate the theoretical consistency and the practical utility of integrating the theories of Rosen and Peirce, offer a way to identify other signs in an organism, and support a critical analysis of code biology and protosemiosis, two accounts that deny the possibility of explaining the signs in an organism with Peirce’s semiosis. (shrink)

Existe una larga tradición sobre las rúbricas pedagógicas de la escritura, principalmente referida a los niveles educativos no universitarios y con aplicación a la competencia lingüística en la lengua nativa o en una segunda lengua. En este trabajo se revisan los resultados de investigación referidos a la evaluación de la escritura creativa en niveles preuniversitarios y universitarios en contextos generales, en cuanto corresponden al desarrollo de competencias en la lengua nativa, más allá de su empleo en el desarrollo del pensamiento (...) crítico o en determinados ámbitos pedagógicos, y se ofrece una aproximación a los estándares de valoración del progreso de los estudiantes en esta disciplina. (shrink)

In 1908 the German mathematician Ernst Zermelo gave an axiomatization of the concept of set. His axioms remain at the core of what became to be known as Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. There were two axioms that received diverse criticisms at the time: the axiom of choice and the axiom of separation. This paper centers around one question this latter axiom raised. The main purpose is to show how this question might be solved with the aid of another, more recent mathematical (...) theory of sets which, like Zermelo’s, has numerous philosophical underpinnings. Keywords: properties of sets, foundations of mathematics, axiom of separation, subobject classifier, truth values. (shrink)

This chapter aims to examine the configuration of the sharing economy in the United Kingdom. The chapter provides an examination of the key opportunities and challenges that this socio-economic model generates in the country. It includes an account of different sharing economy initiatives in the United Kingdom, including crowdfunding projects, tool libraries, timesharing banks, men’s sheds, and shared workspaces, commercial sharing economy services, micro-libraries, community-gardening projects, and paid online peer-to-peer accommodation. Increased consumer choice and economic benefits derived from an extended (...) economy around the sharing economy are identified as key opportunities. Key challenges relate to policymaking and taxation of businesses and participants in the sharing economy, as well as the wider enforcement of health and safety regulations and the impact that the recent pandemic is having on the industry. The chapter also provides an examination of the latest developments and regulations in this area. In addition, the chapter identifies the most pressing issues and possible future directions of research in this context. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Examples, Stories, and Subjects in Don Quixote and the HeptameronTimothy HamptonI developed a rare and perhaps unique taste. Plutarch became my favorite reading. The pleasure that I took in reading and rereading him endlessly cured me somewhat from reading novels. Ceaselessly occupied with Rome and Athens, living, so to speak, with their great men.... I thought myself Greek or Roman.Rousseau, ConfessionsThe first part of Don Quixote reaches its rambunctious (...) climax when the Don’s neighbors, the curate and the barber, lock him in an ox cart and triumphantly wheel him back to his village. At one point during the journey home Don Quixote engages in a long and famous debate with the Canon of Toledo about the dangers of reading. The Canon attempts to convince Don Quixote to renounce both knight errantry and his passion for romances of chivalry. He also makes the following recommendation:If you are still obsessed by books of adventures and chivalry, read the book of Judges in Holy Scripture, where you will find great and genuine exploits that are as heroic as they are true. Lusitania had its Viriathus, Rome had its Caesar, Carthage its Hannibal, Greece its Alexander, Castille its Count Fernán González, Valencia its Cid, Andalusia its Gonzalo Fernández, Extremadura its Diego García de Paredes, Jérez its Garci Pérez de Vargas, Toledo its Garcilaso, Seville its Manuel de Léon: their doughty deeds will entertain, instruct, delight and amaze the highest intellects that read them. This reading will truly be worthy of your own excellent mind, my dear [End Page 597] Don Quixote, from which you will rise learned in history, enamored of virtue, instructed in goodness, bettered in manners, valiant without rashness, bold without vacillation, and all this to the honor of God, your own profit, and the glory of La Mancha, from where, as I have learned, you derive your birth and origin. 1The Canon proposes to replace one literary genre with another; he condemns the reading of romance and promotes the reading of history. In the process he presumes to substitute one type of exemplarity with another—an exchange that links Don Quixote’s imagination to his status as a political subject. For he suggests that by occupying himself with real exemplars, instead of the perfect knights of romance, Don Quixote will not only turn from a loco back into a cuerdo. He will also be made into a good citizen. The Canon offers a model of reading that links historical truth, moral amelioration, and political subjectivity. The context of this recommendation—a program of reading offered by a representative of authority to a man in a cage—stresses the relationship between reading and imprisonment, between particular uses of language and particular forms of subjection. If he reads the right kinds of exemplary stories, the Canon infers, Don Quixote will lose his desire to practice the profession of chivalry. No longer will he have to be restrained. Instead, he will live within the bounds of reason, inside the borders of mediocritas. History, as Rousseau suggests in my epigraph to this essay, can cure one of the bad habits induced by too much fiction.Yet no less striking in the Canon’s speech is the way he articulates this connection between good citizenship and good books. He links his list of exemplars to a list of geographical and political spaces: Hannibal and Carthage, Garcilaso de la Vega and Toledo, and so on. By associating heroic figures with countries, he underscores the central importance of exemplary images in the definition of group identity. One of the characteristics of the example that makes it so important in early modern intellectual life is that exemplarity defines a point at which group identity interacts with individual identity. The promotion of heroic images is, to be sure, a central feature in techniques of self-fashioning, as defined in humanist discourse from the time of Petrarch. Yet it is no less important in the definition of grouphood, from Erasmus’s exhortation to Christians to imitate the exemplary virtue of Abraham, to the iconography of patriotism. If there is a crisis of the example, then one way... (shrink)

The 1996 European Summer Meeting of the Association of Symbolic Logic was held held the University of the Basque Country, at Donostia (San Se bastian) Spain, on July 9-15, 1996. It was organised by the Institute for Logic, Cognition, Language and Information (ILCLI) and the Department of Logic and Philosophy of Sciences of the University of the Basque Coun try. It was supported by: the University of Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unib ertsitatea, the Ministerio de Education y Ciencia (DGCYT), Hezkuntza Saila (...) (Eusko Jaurlaritza), Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, and Kuxta Fun dazioa. The main topics of the meeting were Model Theory, Proof Theory, Re cursion and Complexity Theory, Models of Arithmetic, Logic for Artifi cial Intelligence, Formal Semantics of Natural Language and Philosophy of Contemporary Logic. The Program Committee consisted of K. Ambos Spies (Heidelberg), J.L. Balcazar (Barcelona), J.E. Fenstad (Oslo), D. Israel (Stanford), H. Kamp (Stuttgart), R. Kaye (Birmingham), J.M. Larrazabal (San Sebastian), D. Lascar (Paris, chairman), A. Marcja (Firenze), G. Mints (Stanford), M. Otero (Madrid), S. Ronchi della Rocca (Torino), K. Segerberg (Uppsala) and L. Vega (Madrid). The organizing Committee consisted of X. Arrazola (San Sebastian), A. Arrieta (San Sebastian), R. Beneyeto (Valencia), B. Carrascal (San Se bastian), K. Korta (San Sebastian), J.M. Larrazabal (San Sebastian, chair man), J.C. Martinez (Barcelona), J.M. Mendez (Salamanca), F. Migura (Victoria) and J. Perez (Victoria). (shrink)

Siete historias lógicas y un cuento breve contiene ocho aproximaciones a la obra lógica y epistemológica de Manuel Sacristán Luzón (1925-1985) cuya Introducción a la lógica y al análisis formal fue, tal como ha señalado Luis Vega Reñón, un libro esencial en los años sesenta del pasado siglo para la consolidación de los estudios de lógica y de filosofía de la lógica en nuestro país. Se incluyen en estas historias, lógicas y político-culturales, las cartas cruzadas entre Sacristán y algunos (...) de los grandes filósofos y lingüistas de nuestro país como Víctor Sánchez de Zavala, Juan David García Bacca, Miguel Sánchez-Mazas y Josep Ferrater Mora. Se incluyen también sendos capítulos sobre la correspondencia con Ludovico Geymonat y Salvador Espriu y una aproximación al papel de la lógica en la tesis de Sacristán sobre la gnoseología de Martin Heidegger, así como la presentación de un texto inédito interrumpido del traductor de Quine sobre la teoría del conocimiento y una aproximación a lo ocurrido en las oposiciones a la cátedra de lógica de la Universidad de Valencia de 1962. (Fuente: Bellaterra). (shrink)

¿Existe algún vínculo o nexo entre el pensamiento de Schelling y Schopenhauer? Comúnmente, la relación entre estos pensadores no ha sido estudiada debido, en gran parte, al rechazo explícito de parte de Schopenhauer a toda la filosofía postkantiana. Sin embargo, este trabajo tiene por finalidad mostrar que las ideas de uno y otro pensador, referentes al tema de la metafísica de la voluntad, tienen más de alguna coincidencia que no resulta ser meramente casual. Palabras clave: Schopenhauer - Schelling - Metafísica (...) de la voluntad - Contrapunto. (shrink)

The generation of synthetic data is becoming a fundamental task in the daily life of any organization due to the new protection data laws that are emerging. Because of the rise in the use of Artificial Intelligence, one of the most recent proposals to address this problem is the use of Generative Adversarial Networks. These types of networks have demonstrated a great capacity to create synthetic data with very good performance. The goal of synthetic data generation is to create data (...) that will perform similarly to the original dataset for many analysis tasks, such as classification. The problem of GANs is that in a classification problem, GANs do not take class labels into account when generating new data, it is treated as any other attribute. This research work has focused on the creation of new synthetic data from datasets with different characteristics with a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network. CGANs are an extension of GANs where the class label is taken into account when the new data is generated. The performance of our results has been measured in two different ways: firstly, by comparing the results obtained with classification algorithms, both in the original datasets and in the data generated; secondly, by checking that the correlation between the original data and those generated is minimal. (shrink)

Abductive problems and their solutions are presented by means of justification logic. We introduce additional meta-constructions in order to generate and compare different solutions to the same abductive problem. Our approach has three advantages: (i) it makes structurally explicit the solution to an abductive problem (as it has a syntactic nature); (ii) it gives a precise meaning to the notion of evidence; (iii) it provides clear definitions and procedures for the comparison of solutions that can be adapted to different needs.

Present research proposes the application of unsupervised and supervised machine-learning techniques to characterize Android malware families. More precisely, a novel unsupervised neural-projection method for dimensionality-reduction, namely, Beta Hebbian Learning, is applied to visually analyze such malware. Additionally, well-known supervised Decision Trees are also applied for the first time in order to improve characterization of such families and compare the original features that are identified as the most important ones. The proposed techniques are validated when facing real-life Android malware data by (...) means of the well-known and publicly available Malgenome dataset. Obtained results support the proposed approach, confirming the validity of BHL and DTs to gain deep knowledge on Android malware. (shrink)

Cet article propose une nouvelle lecture de l’utopie et de l’éthique de notre ère planétaire, s’inspirant des principes de « terre-patrie » d’Edgar Morin, qui suggèrent une autre vision de notre état du monde. La validité et la pertinence du concept de « terre-patrie » émergent comme une alternative à l’heure où nos visions du monde basculent fortement vers le désespoir et où celui qui dépeint un avenir utopique s’expose à la moquerie.

Recent developments in pattern analysis research have made this methodology suitable for the study of the processes that are set in motion in psychological interventions. Outcome research, based on the comparison between clinical results from treatment and control groups, has leveraged our empirical knowledge about the efficacy of psychological interventions. However, these methods of research are not precise enough for the analysis of these processes. On the contrary, pattern analysis could be a powerful tool to study moment-to-moment interactions typical of (...) psychological interventions. This is methodology is relevant because clinical psychology is experiencing a paradigm shift from a protocol for syndrome perspective to a principle-based and person-centered intervention. This evidence-based, theory-grounded, and process-oriented paradigm of clinical intervention needs new research methods to thrive. The analysis of the therapeutic relationship built into the verbal interaction between the clinician and the client is one of the cornerstones of this new era of research. So, the purpose of this article is three-fold: to discuss the role of the verbal interaction pattern analysis in the clinical context to the development of the principle-based clinical psychology, to analyze the patterns of verbal interaction in a clinical case, and to compare the results using two different methods. To reach these purposes, using the observational methodology, we have coded the verbal interaction of 16 clinical sessions with a person diagnosed with a borderline personality disorder. We have analyzed the data using sequential analysis and pattern recognition algorithms. We have been able to detect typical patterns during different phases of psychological intervention. Finally, the conceptual, methodological, and empirical implications of this study will be discussed within the realms of pattern analysis research and principle-based clinical psychology. (shrink)

In this research we analyzed the relationship between threatening economic contexts and trust in authoritarian ideologies and leaders, regardless of the left–right political axis. Based on two theoretical approaches, we argue that this relationship is mediated by dangerous worldview and low perceived sociopolitical control. We conducted two correlational studies with samples of the general population. In Study 1, we found that perceived threat from the economic crisis and low socioeconomic status were correlated with a higher dangerous worldview, which resulted in (...) a more authoritarian ideology and finally in greater trust in an authoritarian political leader. In Study 2, we replicated the findings of Study 1 and demonstrated that low perceived sociopolitical control was associated with higher authoritarianism. Moreover, low perceived sociopolitical control partially mediated the relationship between dangerous worldview and authoritarianism. Overall, our results show that two economically threatening contexts promote authoritarianism and trust in authoritarian leaders through psychological processes. These results are useful to understand and combat the rise of authoritarianism in our societies during financially difficult times such as economic crises. (shrink)

I propose to read Rhetoric as a presentation of the art of public discourse. I believe that in this sense its conception rests on three capital ideas, namely rhetoric is an antistrophos to dialectic; its function is not to persuade but to contemplate the available means of persuasion in each case; rhetoric is like some offshoot of dialectic and of ethical study which is rightly called politics. and vindicate the condition and quality of rhetoric as a fully entitled art of (...) speech; places it in the realm of deliberative public discourse. Finally, a few notes about the topicality of some Aristotelian ideas in the debate on democracy and collective deliberation will lead to the conclusion that Aristotle, without being one of us, is one of ours. (shrink)

This paper addresses alleged contradictions between the use and theory of metaphora in Aristotle. Some authors claim that these inconsistencies are resolved by showing that the use of metaphorai is allowed in the technai and forbidden in the epistemai. This paper instead unpacks Aristotle’s view on language, as it is contained in the semantics of metaphora, to make sense of Aristotle’s statements on metaphora. My proposal is that Aristotle refers to metaphora under different nomenclatures (metaphora, metapherein, and metaphorikon einai) as (...) they relate to the level of linguistic expression, to the perception of similarities, or to the ability to produce metaphors. This threefold distinction helps us understand that the use of metaphora by Aristotle is guided by his idea of the lexis as a means to show the dianoia, and express reality in energeia. This use does not contradict his methodological principles. Lastly, this interpretation also enlightens Aristotle’s understanding of the relations between language, thought, and reality. (shrink)

El presente trabajo trata de ensayar la utilidad metateórica de una distinción filosófica acuñada por ciertos pensadores españoles —la distinción entre “dintorno”, “entorno” y “contorno”— a la hora de reordenar críticamente las diferentes posiciones teóricas en torno al problema de la determinación de los límites del Derecho (el problema de la autonomía o la demarcación de la categoría jurídica) y particularmente para clarificar los términos y las implicaciones del debate entre concepciones positivistas y post-positivistas.

En su libro The Tapestry of Reason: An Inquiry into the Nature of Coherence and its Role in Legal Argument,1 Amalia Amaya argumenta las ventajas de adoptar una postura coherentista en el derecho. Concretamente, su tesis principal es la siguiente...

Reseña de la obra de Castro Lodeiro, José Antonio, Venid y trabajad. ¡Es tiempo de alabar! Serie Instituto Bíblico y Oriental, 5. Estella, Verbo Divino, 2020, 355 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9073-546-6.

El propósito de este artículo es el de aclarar si la subjetividad del individuo singular en Kierkegaard se constituye, no solo como una conciencia auto-reflexiva y derivada sino, además, a través de la relación con otros individuos. La apertura del singular no es algo obvio pues en Temor y temblor (1843) se muestra cómo la singularidad exige cancelar la razón y la ética general, es decir, los medios por los cuales el individuo podría relacionarse y comunicarse con otros individuos. Si (...) bien la relación entre Abraham e Isaac juega un papel esencial para la relación que Abraham mantiene con Dios, justificar la acción de Abraham implicaría afirmar la inconmensurabilidad entre la interioridad del individuo y la exterioridad de la ética y, de hecho, la descripción del caballero de la fe en Temor y temblor se asemeja a la de un individuo aislado. El discurso de Las obras del amor (1847) permite matizar lo dicho en Temor y temblor; en Las obras del amor la ley cristiana se presenta como una garantía de cierta objetividad ética, vinculando el amor a Dios con el amor al prójimo, lo que permite reinterpretar la reduplicación de Abraham como una tarea expresamente ética. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es poner de manifiesto el carácter aporético de la concepción camusiana del suicidio. La metodología empleada consiste, por una parte, en el análisis de los conceptos empleados por Camus en El mito de Sísifo y (secundariamente) en El hombre rebelde y, por otra parte, en una comparación con el pensamiento de otros autores, algunos de ellos citados por Camus, como Kierkegaard y Heidegger, y otros, como Blanchot, que han citado a Camus. Como conclusión, se explicará (...) por qué el absurdo que precede al suicidio resulta éticamente relevante cuando se interpreta como el origen de la capacidad para impugnar cualquier determinación universal de valor y por qué pierde, en cambio, su relevancia para la ética si se considera, dogmáticamente, como una condición universal de la existencia. (shrink)

El propósito de este artículo es el de justificar una interpretación genuinamente hegeliana de la dimensión religiosa en el pensamiento de Hegel, particularmente a partir de la Fenomenología del espíritu. Tanto la izquierda como la derecha hegeliana desarrollaron un carácter unívoco, o bien reduciendo el concepto hegeliano de lo divino a la razón natural o histórica, o bien pasando por alto que la concepción hegeliana de una divinidad inmanente resultaba incompatible con el cristianismo ortodoxo. Analizaremos en detalle los capítulos de (...) la Fenomenología del espíritu que se centran en la Ilustración, en los cuales el autor se desmarca de forma más clara de lo que podría ser una religiosidad puramente deísta. Finalmente, la propuesta de Hegel consistirá en un modelo orgánico de estado, dentro del cual la religión sería aceptada como parte de la misma substancia ética que fundamenta las leyes de cada comunidad. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to highlight the aporia inherent in Camus’s conception of suicide. The methodology employed consists, on the one hand, of an analysis of the concepts used by Camus in_ The Myth of Sisyphus_ and (secondarily) in _The Rebel_, and on the other hand, consists of a comparison with the thought of other authors, some of whom were cited by Camus, such as Kierkegaard and Heidegger, and others, such as Blanchot, who cited Camus. In conclusion, it (...) will be explained why the absurdity that precedes suicide is ethically relevant when interpreted as the origin of the capacity to challenge any universal determination of value, and why it loses its relevance for ethics if it is considered, dogmatically, as a universal condition for existence. (shrink)

Due to the proximity of certain strands of constructionism to postmodernism, the term has been associated with idealistic positions and absolute relativism in the conceptualization of social reality. As the objectives of this article are linked to the discussion of three main axes - the definition of reality, the analysis of ideology, and the rejection of absolute relativism - it is argued that critical constructionism distances itself from idealism and relativism by conceiving social reality as the result of human action, (...) mediated by language and social practices. Rejecting idealism, reductionist physicalism, and fatalism as expressions of essentialism, critical constructionism formulates an ontology of social reality based on contingency and human agency, emphasizing the role of the symbolic and the ideological in the sedimentation of historical and cultural arrangements. Likewise, it rejects ontological and moral relativism, according to which understanding reality as a construct would imply the irrefutable legitimacy of any construction. On the contrary, it affirms the conventional and arbitrary nature of institutions and shows that social orders can incorporate forms of domination, oppression, and exclusion that must be criticized and overcome. (shrink)

Realizamos una lectura comentada de la obra de Miguel de Unamuno Vida de Don Quijote y Sancho para analizar la comparación de las locuras que presenta entre el ingenioso hidalgo y la Vida de Íñigo de Loyola narrada por su biógrafo el padre Pedro de Rivadeneira. Se contrapondrán las dos locuras como reflejo de lo fuera de lo común del alma de un pueblo, que le llevó a crear un imperio, y también la del vasco que en el fondo son (...) la misma, pues éstas se encuentran plasmadas en el alma española. Además, hemos tratado de poner de manifiesto la locura del propio Unamuno con su afán de inmortalidad que consigue ocupar un lugar en la vida de la fama junto con los personajes analizados, que ya la habían logrado con anterioridad y gracias a no ser lo que se entiende por personas juiciosas que son las que no logran construir nada interesante en la vida. (shrink)

Desigualdade, pobreza e diferença: precariedade na vida escolar Resumo: O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a desigualdade, a pobreza e as diferenciações inferiorizadoras – discriminações e segregações – e seus efeitos de precarização sobre a vida escolar: reprovação e abandono escolar. O centro crítico da análise encontra-se na circularidade viciosa pela qual, num sentido, a desigualdade e a pobreza determinam diferenciações inferiorizadoras que resultam em fracasso escolar e, no sentido inverso, o fracasso escolar resulta em mais pobreza e mais (...) desigualdade. Tal processo selaria a impossibilidade de cumprimento do direito universal à educação, inscrito como promessa nos ideais da democracia liberal. O estudo pode ser caracterizado como bibliográfico, embasado em autores do campo da economia, sociologia, direito e filosofia, com especial apoio em documentos da ONU, UNESCO, OCDE e Constituição Federal brasileira. Os resultados do estudo apontam para as graves responsabilidades das políticas públicas, dos sistemas de ensino e dos projetos pedagógicos das unidades escolares em interromper a circularidade dessa precarização. Palavras-chave: Desigualdade. Pobreza. Diferença. Precariedade. Fracasso escolar. Desigualdad, Pobreza y Diferencia: Precariedad en la Vida Escolar Resumen: El artículo analiza la desigualdad, la pobreza y las diferenciaciones inferiorizadoras - discriminaciones y segregaciones - y sus efectos de precarización sobre la vida escolar: reprobación y abandono escolar. El centro crítico del análisis se ubica en la circularidad viciosa por la cual, en un sentido, la desigualdad y la pobreza determinan diferenciaciones inferiorizadoras que resultan en fracaso escolar y, al inverso, el fracaso escolar resulta en más pobreza y más desigualdad. Esa circularidad sellaria la imposibilidad de cumplimiento del derecho universal a la educación - promesa de la democracia liberal. El estudio es bibliográfico, desde autores en la economía, sociología, derecho y filosofía, con especial apoyo en documentos de la ONU, UNESCO, OCDE y la Constitución Federal brasileña. Se apunta a las graves responsabilidades de las políticas públicas, de los sistemas de enseñanza y de los proyectos pedagógicos de las unidades escolares en interrumpir la circularidad de esa precarización. Palabras-clave: Desigualdad. Pobreza. Diferencia. Precariedad. Fracaso escolar. Inequality, Poverty and Difference: Precariousness in School Life: This article aims to analyze inequality, poverty and specific social differences - discrimination and segregation - and their impacts on precariousness of school life: failure and school dropout. The center of analysis lies in the vicious circularity by which, in a direction, inequality and poverty determine the differentiation of people that result in school failure, and on the way round, school failure results in more poverty and more inequality. Such circularity is an impossibility of compliance with the universal right of education - a promise of liberal democracy. It’s about a bibliographic study of a wide range of authors on economics, sociology, law and philosophy, with references to UN, UNESCO, OECD documents and the brazilian Federal Constitution. The results of the study point out to the responsibilities of public policies, educational systems and the pedagogical projects of the school units, to interrupt the circularity of this precariousness. Keywords: Inequality. Poverty. Precariousness. Difference. School Failure. Data de registro:08/07/2019 Data de aceite: 27/05/2020. (shrink)

Quasi-realists hold that although moral thought and talk have practical rather than representational functions, we can nonetheless vindicate many of the realist-seeming platitudes about our moral practices. Some have argued that one piece missing from the quasi-realist program is an account of moral reliability (e.g., Dreier, 2012; Golub, 2017; Cuneo, 2022: 237-239). If moral judgments do not function by reliably tracking moral truths, quasi-realists seem unable to explain why we non-accidentally get moral judgments right. In this paper, I argue that (...) our ordinary concept of reliability is broader than tracking facts. In full generality, reliability concerns the systematic attainment of certain ends. Where reliability applies to judgments and beliefs, it concerns the attainment of specifically epistemic ends, such as forming true instances of those states. I show that this is consistent with denying that moral judgments track moral truths: our moral judgment-forming mechanisms are reliable insofar as they are effective means of producing the best possible moral judgments. (shrink)

Un especial interés por los problemas vitales del ser humano llevó a Epicuro a distanciarse de las simples teorizaciones y consagrarse a pensar máximas por las que el hombre podría hacerse con las causas y objetos del bienestar. Epicuro asume el cuerpo y la vida sensible como principios de un bienestar que descansa en las afecciones (πάθη), si bien estas son efectos de los estímulos del ambiente que le preceden, además de ser la fuente de las actitudes de aceptación o (...) de rechazo que determinan las acciones humanas. Cierto es que esta perspectiva sensualista describe la εὐδαιμονία como simple satisfacción de deseos y de necesidades cotidianas, pero se hace manifiesto que, en ocasiones, al no coincidir los deseos con el noble interés del bienestar contradicen este fin buscado. Dicho esto, el tema que se expone en el presente texto es la pregunta por los argumentos que validaron el cuerpo y sus sentidos para conocer el mundo y actuar según lo percibido, frente a algunas de las críticas escépticas y plutarqueas. (shrink)

A sustainable supply chain management strategy reduces risks and meets environmental, economic and social objectives by integrating environmental and financial practices. In an ever-changing environment, supply chains have become vulnerable at many levels. In a global supply chain, carefully tracing a product is of great importance to avoid future problems. This paper describes a self-updating smart contract, which includes data validation, for tracing global supply chains using blockchains. Our proposal uses a machine learning model to detect anomalies on traceable data, (...) which helps supply chain operators detect anomalous behavior at any point in the chain in real time. Hyperledger Caliper has been used to evaluate our proposal, and obtained a combined average throughput of 184 transactions per second and an average latency of 0.41 seconds, ensuring that our proposal does not negatively impact supply chain processes while improving supply chain management through data anomaly detection. (shrink)

En términos de identidad cristiana, Justino procuró diferenciar la creencia en dioses pasibles y la concepción eterna, inefable, virtuosa, creadora y benigna de una única divinidad; características cuentos que contrastan lo clásico y cristiano. Sin embargo, existen razones para considerar que el afán por adoptar el filósofo greco-latino como defensa de la racionalidad cristiana, pese a distinguir ambas tradiciones, redunda en la hipotética deficiencia de defensa de la identidad cristiana. Así pues, el presente artículo expone el modo de ser cristiano (...) sujeto a una concepción singular de lo divino como alegato de la trascendentalidad y la originalidad cristianas (características del calificativo de supererogatorio para la cristiandad) de cara a la tradición grecorromana según el discurso apologético de Justino. (shrink)

Conocer los elementos que forman parte del mundo advierte de la presencia de un saber general que responde a definiciones universales, al ser estos rasgos de un saber que explica las causas y principios de todo ente lo cual implica comprender aquello por lo que las cosas son. En efecto, los conceptos del ser, de ente y substancia adquieren un nuevo sentido en el pensamiento de Aristóteles dejando un claro nexo entre estos, precisamente en el consorcio entitatividad-esencialidad que define a (...) la sustancia. Por eso, este artículo es un esclarecimiento de la novedad de Aristóteles frente a una tradición metafísica de la cual se hace heredero, además de crítico. (shrink)

We ordinarily use epistemic concepts to evaluate our moral views. We know certain things are wrong, we are sometimes uncertain about the morally best thing to do, we think there are rational and irrational ways of reaching moral conclusions, etc. Like most meta ethicists, expressivists aim to explain this; they want to offer accounts of our moral thought, talk, and practice. However, most expressivists think moral thought and talk are fundamentally non-representational or desire-like. Critics have argued that this makes the (...) view incompatible with central aspects of our epistemic evaluations. In this paper, I survey the main epistemic challenges for expressivism, highlight their interconnections, and discuss the most promising responses. (shrink)

La búsqueda de lo divino, que aparece en el cristianismo como un asunto espiritual, perfila ser tema de importancia para una mística agustiniana que tiene referencias a la figura de Dios, esto es, expresiones que intentan describir la naturaleza divina. Así pues, el santo de Hipona, a través de términos como luz y verdad, presenta los rasgos de un Dios que parece mostrarse tal como es, pero para alcanzar una visión tan inefable, es necesario el deseo de esta; una búsqueda (...) de Dios que, traducida en amor, es un proceso de ascenso a la verdad de lo divino permeado por ese intenso deseo de ello. De manera que un deseo de Dios posiblemente connota una erótica entendida como amor vehemente; el cual, para interés del presente artículo, puede resignificar la noción común de erótica y de sexualidad inherentes al carácter relacional del ser humano, a veces visto con sospecha. (shrink)

El margen práctico con el que se hace la defensa de los cristianos en tiempos de persecución comporta un aspecto significativo del pensamiento de Atenágoras, en el que descansa toda la aprobación para con los seguidores de Cristo. Sin embargo, se carece de estudios reflexivos respecto de una praxis cristiana como argumento apologético en este ateniense, estudios que transitarían desde un enfoque dogmático del cristianismo a uno más operativo. De aquí que, criticar la tradición religiosa de sus contemporáneos, procurar una (...) vida pura y colaborar con la paz del imperio, implican un ideal ético en términos de crítica y de adhesión paradójicas que caracterizan al cristianismo de los primeros siglos. (shrink)